Fallacious arguments are very common and can be persuasive in common use. 5.1 Knowledge value measurement fallacyįallacies are defects that weaken arguments.Mathematical fallacies are typically crafted and exhibited for educational purposes, usually taking the form of spurious proofs of obvious contradictions. Ī special case is a mathematical fallacy, an intentionally invalid mathematical proof, often with the error subtle and somehow concealed. Arguments containing informal fallacies may be formally valid, but still fallacious. A formal fallacy is a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument which renders the argument invalid, while an informal fallacy originates in an error in reasoning other than an improper logical form.
įallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal". For instance, the soundness of legal arguments depends on the context in which the arguments are made. This includes ignorance of the right reasoning standard, but also ignorance of relevant properties of the context. Others are committed unintentionally because of human limitations such as carelessness, cognitive or social biases, or plain ignorance. Some fallacies are committed intentionally to manipulate or persuade by deception. The term was in the Western intellectual tradition introduced in the Aristotelian De Sophisticis Elenchis. For logical errors in data storage, see Data integrity § Logical integrity.Ī fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves", in the construction of an argument, which may appear stronger than it really is if the fallacy is not spotted.
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